A full-wave bridge rectifier is a circuit configuration of four diodes arranged in a closed loop (Graetz bridge) that converts bidirectional alternating current (AC) into unipolar pulsating direct current (DC). During both positive and negative polarities of the AC input voltage, alternate pairs of diodes become forward-biased while the opposing pair is reverse-biased, routing current through the resistive load in a single invariable direction. Connecting a reservoir capacitor across the output smooths the pulsating rectified voltage into a steady DC level.