An electrical transformer operates on the principle of mutual electromagnetic induction, transferring electrical energy between two or more circuits without direct electrical contact. An alternating current flowing through the primary coil creates a time-varying magnetic flux that is efficiently guided through a high-permeability laminated ferromagnetic core. This alternating magnetic flux links and threads the secondary winding, inducing an alternating electromotive force whose magnitude is determined strictly by the primary-to-secondary turns ratio.