An Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) transforms continuous physical analog voltages into discrete quantized binary digital words through the sequential processes of sampling, quantization, and digital encoding. An N-bit converter divides the full-scale input voltage range into 2^N discrete quantization bins of width Δ = V_ref / 2^N. The inherent discrepancy between the continuous input and the discrete output level introduces quantization noise, limiting the theoretical dynamic range to SQNR ≈ 6.02·N + 1.76 dB.