A half-wave dipole antenna consists of two collinear conducting rods of total length L = λ/2 fed by a balanced transmission line at the center. Alternating radio-frequency current standing waves establish an oscillating electric dipole moment, generating transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves in free space. The resulting far-field electric radiation pattern forms an omnidirectional toroidal (donut) geometry with null radiation along the dipole axis and maximum radiation broadside.